Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
A Composite Blood Biomarker Including AKR1B10 and Cytokeratin 18 for Progressive Types of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Seung Joon Choi, Sungjin Yoon, Kyoung-Kon Kim, Doojin Kim, Hye Eun Lee, Kwang Gi Kim, Seung Kak Shin, Ie Byung Park, Seong Min Kim, Dae Ho Lee; Received June 18, 2023 Accepted August 16, 2023 Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0189 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
We aimed to evaluate whether composite blood biomarkers including aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18; a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] marker) have clinically applicable performance for the diagnosis of NASH, advanced liver fibrosis, and high-risk NASH (NASH+significant fibrosis).
Methods
A total of 116 subjects including healthy control subjects and patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were analyzed to assess composite blood-based and imaging-based biomarkers either singly or in combination.
Results
A composite blood biomarker comprised of AKR1B10, CK-18, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed excellent performance for the diagnosis of, NASH, advanced fibrosis, and high-risk NASH, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.934 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.888 to 0.981), 0.902 (95% CI, 0.832 to 0.971), and 0.918 (95% CI, 0.862 to 0.974), respectively. However, the performance of this blood composite biomarker was inferior to that various magnetic resonance (MR)-based composite biomarkers, such as proton density fat fraction/MR elastography- liver stiffness measurement (MRE-LSM)/ALT/AST for NASH, MRE-LSM+fibrosis-4 index for advanced fibrosis, and the known MR imaging-AST (MAST) score for high-risk NASH.
Conclusion
Our blood composite biomarker can be useful to distinguish progressive forms of NAFLD as an initial noninvasive test when MR-based tools are not available.

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Magnetic Resonance-Based Assessments Better Capture Pathophysiologic Profiles and Progression in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Seung Joon Choi, Seong Min Kim, Yun Soo Kim, Oh Sang Kwon, Seung Kak Shin, Kyoung Kon Kim, Kiyoung Lee, Ie Byung Park, Cheol Soo Choi, Dong Hae Chung, Jaehun Jung, MunYoung Paek, Dae Ho Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):739-752. Published online October 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0137

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Background
Several noninvasive tools are available for the assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including clinical and blood biomarkers, transient elastography (TE), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether magnetic resonance (MR)-based examinations better discriminate the pathophysiologic features and fibrosis progression in NAFLD than other noninvasive methods.
Methods
A total of 133 subjects (31 healthy volunteers and 102 patients with NAFLD) were subjected to clinical and noninvasive NAFLD evaluation, with additional liver biopsy in some patients (n=54).
Results
MRI-PDFF correlated far better with hepatic fat measured by MR spectroscopy (r=0.978, P<0.001) than with the TE controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) (r=0.727, P<0.001). In addition, MRI-PDFF showed stronger correlations with various pathophysiologic parameters for cellular injury, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation, than the TE-CAP. The MRI-PDFF and TE-CAP cutoff levels associated with abnormal elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase were 9.9% and 270 dB/m, respectively. The MRE liver stiffness measurement (LSM) showed stronger correlations with liver enzymes, platelets, complement component 3, several clinical fibrosis scores, and the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score than the TE-LSM. In an analysis of only biopsied patients, MRE performed better in discriminating advanced fibrosis with a cutoff value of 3.9 kPa than the TE (cutoff 8.1 kPa) and ELF test (cutoff 9.2 kPa).
Conclusion
Our results suggest that MRI-based assessment of NAFLD is the best non-invasive tool that captures the histologic, pathophysiologic and metabolic features of the disease.

Citations

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A Novel Score Based on Controlled Attenuation Parameter Accurately Predicts Hepatic Steatosis in Individuals With Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Derivation and Independent Validation Study
Zi-Ming An, Qiao-Hong Liu, Xin-Jian Ye, Qian Zhang, Hua-Fu Pei, Xin Xin, Jie Yuan, Qian Huang, Kun Liu, Fang Lu, Zhi-Han Yan, Yu Zhao, Yi-Yang Hu, Ming-Hua Zheng, Qin Feng
Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology.2024; 15(3): e00680. CrossRef
Imaging Methods Applicable in the Diagnostics of Alzheimer’s Disease, Considering the Involvement of Insulin Resistance
Petra Hnilicova, Ema Kantorova, Stanislav Sutovsky, Milan Grofik, Kamil Zelenak, Egon Kurca, Norbert Zilka, Petra Parvanovova, Martin Kolisek
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 3325. CrossRef
Polyunsaturated and Saturated Oxylipin Plasma Levels Allow Monitoring the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression to Severe Stages
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An individual patient data meta-analysis to determine cut-offs for and confounders of NAFLD-fibrosis staging with magnetic resonance elastography
Jia-xu Liang, Javier Ampuero, Hao Niu, Kento Imajo, Mazen Noureddin, Jaideep Behari, Dae Ho Lee, Richard L. Ehman, Fredrik Rorsman, Johan Vessby, Juan R. Lacalle, Ferenc E. Mózes, Michael Pavlides, Quentin M. Anstee, Stephen A. Harrison, Javier Castell, R
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Relationship between controlled attenuated parameter and magnetic resonance imaging–proton density fat fraction for evaluating hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD
Ziming An, Qiaohong Liu, Wenli Zeng, Yan Wang, Qian Zhang, Huafu Pei, Xin Xin, Shuohui Yang, Fang Lu, Yu Zhao, Yiyang Hu, Qin Feng
Hepatology Communications.2022; 6(8): 1975. CrossRef
Noninvasive imaging of hepatic dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review
Ting Duan, Han-Yu Jiang, Wen-Wu Ling, Bin Song
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 28(16): 1625. CrossRef
Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease Using Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Atsushi Nakamura, Tsubasa Yoshimura, Tomomi Sato, Takeshi Ichikawa
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasma Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B10 as a Biomarker Performs Well in the Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis
Aron Park, Seung Joon Choi, Sungjin Park, Seong Min Kim, Hye Eun Lee, Minjae Joo, Kyoung Kon Kim, Doojin Kim, Dong Hae Chung, Jae Been Im, Jaehun Jung, Seung Kak Shin, Byung-Chul Oh, Cheolsoo Choi, Seungyoon Nam, Dae Ho Lee
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(9): 5035. CrossRef
Contribution of a genetic risk score to ethnic differences in fatty liver disease
Maddie J. Kubiliun, Jonathan C. Cohen, Helen H. Hobbs, Julia Kozlitina
Liver International.2022; 42(10): 2227. CrossRef
Plasma Metabolomics and Machine Learning-Driven Novel Diagnostic Signature for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Moongi Ji, Yunju Jo, Seung Joon Choi, Seong Min Kim, Kyoung Kon Kim, Byung-Chul Oh, Dongryeol Ryu, Man-Jeong Paik, Dae Ho Lee
Biomedicines.2022; 10(7): 1669. CrossRef
Updated S2k Clinical Practice Guideline on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) issued by the German Society of Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) – April 2022 – AWMF Registration No.: 021–025

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.2022; 60(09): e733. CrossRef
Aktualisierte S2k-Leitlinie nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) – April 2022 – AWMF-Registernummer: 021–025
E. Roeb, A. Canbay, H. Bantel, J. Bojunga, J. de Laffolie, M. Demir, U. W. Denzer, A. Geier, W. P. Hofmann, C. Hudert, T. Karlas, M. Krawczyk, T. Longerich, T. Luedde, M. Roden, J. Schattenberg, M. Sterneck, A. Tannapfel, P. Lorenz, F. Tacke
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Ultrasound Methods for the Assessment of Liver Steatosis: A Critical Appraisal
Dorotea Bozic, Kristian Podrug, Ivana Mikolasevic, Ivica Grgurevic
Diagnostics.2022; 12(10): 2287. CrossRef
Significance of liver fat loss in chronic liver disease: Usefulness of hepatic proton density fat fraction measurement by magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating malnutrition
Atsushi Nakamura, Haruka Okada, Tsubasa Yoshimura, Manami Deguchi, Yuei Hosokawa, Tomomi Satoh, Takeshi Ichikawa, Keiji Okuyama, Yoshihiro Yoshioka, Hitoshi Asakura
Kanzo.2021; 62(9): 525. CrossRef
Screening for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-when, who and how?
Christoph G Dietrich, Monika Rau, Andreas Geier
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 27(35): 5803. CrossRef

Lifestyle
Body Fat Is Related to Sedentary Behavior and Light Physical Activity but Not to Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Keun Hee An, Kyung Ah Han, Tae Seo Sohn, Ie Byung Park, Hae Jin Kim, Sung Dae Moon, Kyung Wan Min; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):316-325. Published online November 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0029

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Background

Sedentary behavior (SB) has emerged as a new risk factor for cardiovascular accidents. We investigated whether physical activity levels or SB were related to percent body fat (%BF) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

In this cross sectional study, we measured the duration of SB, light physical activity (LPA), moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total energy expenditure, and step counts using a wireless activity tracker (Fitbit HR; FB) for 7 days in free-living conditions, along with %BF using a bio impedance analyzer (Inbody; Biospace) in 120 smartphone users with T2DM. Subjects were divided into exercise (Exe, n=68) and non-exercise (nonExe, n=52) groups based on self-reports of whether the recommended exercises (30 min/day, 3 days/week for 3 months) were performed. SBt, LPAt, MVPAt were transformed from SB, LPA, MVPA for normally distributed variables.

Results

Participants were: female, 59.2%; age, 59.3±8.4 years; body mass index, 25.5±3.4 kg/m²; glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 7.6%±1.2%; %BF, 30.4%±7.1%. They performed SB for 15.7±3.7 hr/day, LPA for 4.4±1.7 hr/day, and MVPA for 0.9±0.8 hr/day. The %BF was related to SBt and LPAt, but not to MVPA after adjustments for age, gender, and HbA1c. VPA was significantly higher in the Exe group than in the nonExe group, but SB, LPA, and moderate physical activity were not different. Predicted %BF was 89.494 to 0.105 (age), −13.047 (gender), −0.507 (HbA1c), −7.655 (LPAt) (F[4, 64]=62.929, P<0.001), with an R² of 0.785 in multiple linear regression analysis.

Conclusion

Reduced body fat in elderly diabetic patients might be associated with reduced inactivity and increased LPA.

Citations

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Explanatory variables of objectively measured 24-h movement behaviors in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Lotte Bogaert, Iris Willems, Patrick Calders, Eveline Dirinck, Manon Kinaupenne, Marga Decraene, Bruno Lapauw, Boyd Strumane, Margot Van Daele, Vera Verbestel, Marieke De Craemer
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Drug/Regimen
γ-Linolenic Acid versus α-Lipoic Acid for Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in Adults: A 12-Week, Double-Placebo, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial: Jong Chul Won, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Seong-Su Moon, Sung Wan Chun, Chong Hwa Kim, Ie Byung Park, In Joo Kim, Jihyun Lee, Bong Yun Cha, Tae Sun Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(4):542-554. Published online November 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0099

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Background

This study was a multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, noninferiority trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) relative to α-lipoic acid (ALA) over a 12-week treatment period in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

Methods

This study included 100 T2DM patients between 20 and 75 years of age who had painful DPN and received either GLA (320 mg/day) and placebo or ALA (600 mg/day) and placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measures were mean changes in pain intensities as measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the total symptom scores (TSS).

Results

Of the 100 subjects who initially participated in the study, 73 completed the 12-week treatment period. Per-protocol analyses revealed significant decreases in the mean VAS and TSS scores compared to baseline in both groups, but there were no significant differences between the groups. The treatment difference for the VAS (95% confidence interval [CI]) between the two groups was −0.65 (−1.526 to 0.213) and the upper bound of the 95% CI did not exceed the predefined noninferiority margin (δ₁=0.51). For the TSS, the treatment difference was −0.05 (−1.211 to 1.101) but the upper bound of the 95% CI crossed the noninferiority margin (δ₂=0.054). There were no serious adverse events associated with the treatments.

Conclusion

GLA treatment in patients with painful DPN was noninferior to ALA in terms of reducing pain intensity measured by the VAS over 12 weeks.

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Diyabet Tedavisinde Antioksidan Etki: Alfa Lipoik Asit
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Review

Diabetes Epidemics in Korea: Reappraise Nationwide Survey of Diabetes "Diabetes in Korea 2007": Ie Byung Park, Jaiyong Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Choon Hee Chung, Jee-Young Oh, Seok Won Park, Juneyoung Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung Wan Min, Jeong Hyun Park, Hyun Shik Son, Chul Woo Ahn, Hwayoung Kim, Sunhee Lee, Im Bong Lee, Injeoung Choi, Sei Hyun Baik; Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(4):233-239. Published online August 14, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.4.233

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Abstract PDF PubReader

There are many studies on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and economic burden of diabetes across the past four decades in Korea. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of nationwide study regarding diabetes encompassing all age group. Eight years ago, the Committee on the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus of Korean Diabetes Association collaborated with Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service to evaluate the status of diabetes care and characteristics in diabetic patients in Korea. In 2007, the collaborative task force team published a comprehensive survey titled "Diabetes in Korea 2007." In this review, we reappraise the diabetic epidemics from the joint report and suggest further studies that are needed to be investigated in the future.

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Original Articles

Prevalence of Chronic Complications in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on the Korean National Diabetes Program: Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, Mi Kwang Kwon, Ie Byung Park, Kyu Jeung Ahn, In Ju Kim, Sung-Hoon Kim, Hyoung Woo Lee, Kyung Soo Koh, Doo Man Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kwan Woo Lee, Moon Suk Nam, Yong Soo Park, Jeong-taek Woo, Young Seol Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):504-512. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.504

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Background

The Korean National Diabetes Program (KNDP) cohort study is performing an ongoing large-scale prospective multicenter investigation to discover the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Korean patients. This study was performed to examine the prevalence of chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes among those registered in the KNDP cohort within the past 4 years.

Methods

This study was performed between June 2006 and September 2009 at 13 university hospitals and included 4,265 KNDP cohort participants. Among the participants, the crude prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular diseases of those checked for diabetes-related complications was determined, and the adjusted standard prevalence and standardization of the general population prevalence ratio (SPR) was estimated based on the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) population demographics.

Results

Among the KNDP registrants, 43.2% had hypertension, 34.8% had dyslipidemia, 10.8% had macrovascular disease, and 16.7% had microvascular disease. The SPR of the KNDP registrants was significantly higher than that of the KNHANES subjects after adjusting for demographics in the KNHANES 2005 population. However, with the exception of cardiovascular disease in females, the standardized prevalence for the most complicated items in the survey was significantly higher than that in the KNHANES subjects.

Conclusion

The prevalence of macrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease were significantly higher in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes than in the normal population. However, no significant difference was noted in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in females.

Citations

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Evaluation of Stress in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Using the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Korea Questionnaire: Young Sil Eom, Hwa Sun Park, Sei-Hyun Kim, Sun Mee Yang, Moon Suk Nam, Hyoung Woo Lee, Ki Young Lee, Sihoon Lee, Yeun Sun Kim, Ie Byung Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):182-187. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.182

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Background

It is known that diabetes and stress are directly or indirectly related, and that it is important to evaluate stress in patients with diabetes. The relationship between Korean diabetics and diabetes-related stress has never been reported. The objective of this study was to develop a stress questionnaire suitable for use with Korean diabetics and to evaluate its utility.

Methods

This study subjects were 307 Korean diabetics, aged 40 to 74 years old, who visited the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Gachon University Gil Hospital, Yeungnam University Medical Center, and Inha University Hospital in Korea between March 2006 and February 2008. We developed a Korean version of Polonsky's Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) stress questionnaire (PAID-K) and used it to assess degrees of stress in our sample of Korean patients. We evaluated the utility of the questionnaire and analyzed the relationships between clinical characteristics of the study subjects and degrees of stress.

Results

Cronbach's alpha for PAID-K was 0.95, and PAID-K scores were significantly correlated with Hypoglycemia Fear Survey scores (r=0.44, P<0.05) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory-6 scores (r=0.21, P<0.05). PAID-K scores were significantly higher in patients with longer durations of diabetes, patients using insulin, and female patients (P=0.02, P=0.038, and P=0.001, respectively). The score also tended to increase as HbA1c levels increased, except for very high HbA1c levels (above 11%) (P for trend<0.05).

Conclusion

We developed the PAID-K questionnaire and demonstrated its utility to evaluate levels of stress in diabetic patients in Korea.

Citations

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Impact of diabetes distress on glycemic control and diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hye-Sun Park, Yongin Cho, Da Hea Seo, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, Young Ju Suh, Suk Chon, Jeong-Taek Woo, Sei Hyun Baik, Kwan Woo Lee, So Hun Kim
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and Validation of a Distress Measurement Related to Glucose Monitoring of Diabetes Patients
Eujin Choi, Sooyeon Kim, Juhee Cho, Min-Sun Kim, Eun Kyung Kwon, Youngha Kim, Danbee Kang, Sung Yoon Cho
Diabetes Therapy.2023; 14(4): 737. CrossRef
Development and validation of a distress measurement for insulin injections among patients with diabetes
Eujin Choi, Min-Sun Kim, Juhee Cho, Sooyeon Kim, Eun Kyung Kwon, Youngha Kim, Danbee Kang, Sung Yoon Cho
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Mediating Effect of Experiential Avoidance on the Relationship between Diabetes Distress and Self-Stigma in People with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Republic of Korea
Kawoun Seo
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Patient-reported outcome measures for assessing health-related quality of life in people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Marlous Langendoen-Gort, Lenka Groeneveld, Cecilia A. C. Prinsen, Joline W. Beulens, Petra J. M. Elders, Ilana Halperin, Geetha Mukerji, Caroline B. Terwee, Femke Rutters
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Hyesun Kim, Kawoun Seo
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Tae Jung Oh, Jie-Eun Lee, Seok Kim, Sooyoung Yoo, Hak Chul Jang
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Priscilla Jia Ling Wee, Yu Heng Kwan, Dionne Hui Fang Loh, Jie Kie Phang, Troy H Puar, Truls Østbye, Julian Thumboo, Sungwon Yoon, Lian Leng Low
Journal of Medical Internet Research.2021; 23(8): e25002. CrossRef
Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Stigma (AAQ-S-K)
Hyunjin Lee, Myoungjin Kwon, Kawoun Seo
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Marko Grahovac, Marko Kumric, Marino Vilovic, Dinko Martinovic, Ante Kreso, Tina Ticinovic Kurir, Josip Vrdoljak, Karlo Prizmic, Joško Božić
World Journal of Diabetes.2021; 12(11): 1942. CrossRef
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Comparison of the Efficacy of Glimepiride, Metformin, and Rosiglitazone Monotherapy in Korean Drug-Naïve Type 2 Diabetic Patients: The Practical Evidence of Antidiabetic Monotherapy Study: Kun Ho Yoon, Jeong Ah Shin, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Seung Hwan Lee, Kyung Wan Min, Yu Bae Ahn, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Sung Woo Park, Kwan Woo Lee, Yeon Ah Sung, Tae Sun Park, Min Seon Kim, Yong Ki Kim, Moon Suk Nam, Hye Soon Kim, Ie Byung Park, Jong Suk Park, Jeong Taek Woo, Ho Young Son; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):26-33. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.26

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Background

Although many anti-diabetic drugs have been used to control hyperglycemia for decades, the efficacy of commonly-used oral glucose-lowering agents in Korean type 2 diabetic patients has yet to be clearly demonstrated.

Methods

We evaluated the efficacy of glimepiride, metformin, and rosiglitazone as initial treatment for drug-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a 48-week, double-blind, randomized controlled study that included 349 Korean patients. Our primary goal was to determine the change in HbA1c levels from baseline to end point. Our secondary goal was to evaluate changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, body weight, frequency of adverse events, and the proportion of participants achieving target HbA1c levels.

Results

HbA1c levels decreased from 7.8% to 6.9% in the glimepiride group (P<0.001), from 7.9% to 7.0% in the metformin group (P<0.001), and from 7.8% to 7.0% (P<0.001) in the rosiglitazone group. Glimepiride and rosiglitazone significantly increased body weight and metformin reduced body weight during the study period. Symptomatic hypoglycemia was more frequent in the glimepiride group and diarrhea was more frequent in the metformin group.

Conclusion

The efficacy of glimepiride, metformin, and rosiglitazone as antidiabetic monotherapies in drug-naïve Korean type 2 diabetic patients was similar in the three groups, with no statistical difference. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of commonly-used oral hypoglycemic agents in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. An additional subgroup analysis is recommended to obtain more detailed information.

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Review

Epidemiologic Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: Current Status of Diabetic Patients Using Korean Health Insurance Database.: Ie Byung Park, Sei Hyun Baik; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(5):357-362. Published online October 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.5.357

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Abstract PDF

The aim of article is to introduce the current status of diabetes care and characteristics in diabetic patients in Korea, which is a joint report by Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) and Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA) ("Diabetes in Korea 2007") and to review the recent published data about the current status of diabetes mellitus in Korea.

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Original Articles

Association of Educational Level and Socioeconomic Status with Glucose Metabolism.: Young Sil Eom, Sun Mee Yang, Pyung Chun Oh, Jung Hyun Lee, Ki Young Lee, Yeun Sun Kim, Sihoon Lee, Jung Soo Im, Jun Yim, Dae Kyu Oh, Moon Suk Nam, Ie Byung Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(4):377-385. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.4.377

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BACKGROUND
The objective of the present study was to examine the association of educational level and socioeconomic status with glucose metabolism including prediabetes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study subjects were 882 (mean age: 51.0 +/- 13.4 years, M:F = 241:641) without diabetes, aged more than 20 years and residing in Whasu 2 dong in Incheon. We classified them into three levels according to their educational level: primary (illiterate or up to elementary school), secondary (middle school or high school) and tertiary (university), and into three levels according to their socioeconomic status by self reported questionnaire: low, middle and high. Subjects were diagnosed as three groups (normal, prediabetes and diabetes) by American Diabetes Association criteria using 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The association of educational level and socioeconomic status with glucose metabolism was analyzed. RESULTS: The number of normal group was 300 (34.0%), that of prediabetes was 470 (53.3%) and that of diabetes was 112 (12.7%). In women, the proportion of primary educational group was larger than that of secondary educational group in diabetes (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-3.51) and larger than that of tertiary educational group in prediabetes ([OR] = 2.00; [CI]: 1.06-3.78). But socioeconomic status did not have the statistical association with glucose metabolism in women. Also both educational level and socioeconomic status had no statistical association with glucose metabolism in men. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of low educational level is larger in prediabetes and diabetes compared with normal group in women.

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How do life-course trajectories of socioeconomic position affect quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Hye Ah Lee, Ko Eun Lee, Yool Won Jeong, Jaeseon Ryu, Minkyung Kim, Jung Won Min, Young Sun Hong, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Hyesook Park
Quality of Life Research.2014; 23(4): 1337. CrossRef

Inflammatory Markers are Associated with Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes.: Sun Mee Yang, Sung Yong Kim, Ki Young Lee, Yeun Sun Kim, Moon Suk Nam, Ie Byung Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(6):472-479. Published online November 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.6.472

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BACKGROUND
Inflammatory markers are known to be sensitive predictors of atherosclerotic disease such as coronary heart disease. Diabetic patients have higher level of inflammatory markers such as fibrinogen, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or IL-6. We investigated the association of inflammatory markers with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We studied cross-sectionally 244 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes without macrovascular disease such as cerebral infarct, coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease. The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was determined in a morning, untimed, urine specimen. Ophthalmoscopic examinations were performed to evaluate diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic neuropathy was examined by 10-g monofilament, Neuropathic Disability Score and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. RESULTS: 47 patients (23.5%) had diabetic retinopathy, 81 (34.6%) had nephropathy and 132 (54.2%) had neuropathy. Fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significantly higher in the patients with nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy than in those without (P = 0.009, 0.003 and 0.047; P = 0.011, 0.02 and 0.006 , respectively). There were no differences in the hsCRP and IL-6 level between in patients with microvascular complications and in those without. Inflammatory parameters were correlated with each other. The hsCRP was correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) and fibrinogen (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), but fibrinogen was not significantly correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.13, P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Although IL-6, hsCRP and fibrinogen may be associated with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, we show that fibrinogen is a strong marker of microvascular complications.

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Hesperetin suppresses LPS/high glucose-induced inflammatory responses via TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways in THP-1 cells
Aeri Lee, HyunJi Gu, Min-Hee Gwon, Jung-Mi Yun
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(5): 591. CrossRef

Current Status of Diabetes Management in Korea Using National Health Insurance Database.: Seok Won Park, Dae Jung Kim, Kyung Wan Min, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi, Ie Byung Park, Jeong Hyun Park, Hyun Shik Son, Chul Woo Ahn, Jee Young Oh, Juneyoung Lee, Choon Hee Chung, Jaiyong Kim, Hwayoung Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(4):362-367. Published online July 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.4.362

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BACKGROUND
The prevalence of diabetes is steadily increasing in Korea. The increase in number of people with diabetes would ultimately result in premature death, poor quality of life, and increasing economic burden. However, in our country, researches regarding on the quality of diabetes management are lacking. This study was conducted in 2005 using National Health Insurance Database to know the current status of diabetes management in Korea. METHODS: We have randomly selected 3,902 subjects out of 2,503,754 subjects who had claims with diagnosis of diabetes between January 2003 to December 2003 by using two staged cluster sampling method. Field survey with review of medical records and telephone survey was conducted with standardized record forms developed by Korean Diabetes Association; Task Force Team For Basic Statistical Study of Korean Diabetes Mellitus. RESULTS: The age of diabetic subjects was 58.1 +/- 12.6 years and the duration of diabetes was 6.2 +/- 5.5 years. Hypertension was present in 54% of diabetic subjects. Among those with hypertension, 59% were controlled with blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg, but only 19% were controlled with blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg. Hyperlipidemia was present in 29% of diabetic subjects. Only 38% of those with hyperlipidemia were controlled with LDL-cholesterol below 100 mg/dL. For glycemic control, only 40% of diabetic subjects achieved the goal of HbA1c less than 7%, which was suggested by ADA. CONCLUSION: We found that only 20~40% of diabetic subjects in Korea achieved the management goal for glucose, blood pressure, and lipids. It seems urgent to develop a quality management program for diabetes subjects in Korea.

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Development of Two Parallel Diabetes Knowledge Tests.: Wan Sub Shim, Seong Bin Hong, Yeon Sil Choi, Yun Jin Choi, Sook Hee Ahn, Kee Young Min, Eun Joo Kim, Ie Byung Park, Moonsuk Nam, Yong Seong Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(6):476-486. Published online November 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.6.476

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Knowledge evaluation about diabetes mellitus is necessary to self-manage diabetes effectively. We developed two parallel diabetes knowledge tests to meet a need for reliable knowledge assessment in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 75-items (59 items for general knowledge test, 16 items for insulin use subscale) were administered to 102 diabetic patients who visited Inha University Hospital. The items which had the appropriate difficulty (0.25~0.80) and good discrimination index (above 0.25) were selected. However, the items which are thought to be an important item for education were also selected even though they did not meet the criteria of reliability and discrimination index. Two parallel diabetes knowledge tests were developed after matching the selected appropriate items for similar contents. RESULTS: 102 patients fulfilled the tests and their mean age was 54.1 +/- 11.5 years. Mean percentage of correct questionnaires was 60.9 +/- 12.5% for general test and 45.9 +/- 19.5% for insulin use subscale. There were significant differences of scores between patients with high and low education level, between patients with high income per household and low income level per household, between patients with the history of diabetes education and without history of diabetes education, and between the old (> or = 50 yrs) and the young (< 50 yrs) age group. However, there was no significant difference of scores according to diabetes duration and complication or not. The selected two tests had a similar score. And their Cronbach alpha was appropriate (> 0.70) in both tests. CONCLUSIONS: We developed two parallel diabetes knowledge tests. These tests can be used as an important means in evaluating the diabetes knowledge and effect of education in diabetic patients.

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Jung Min Kim, Hey Jean Lee, Keum Ok Kim, Jong Chul Won, Kyung Soo Ko, Byung Doo Rhee
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Relationship Between Duration of Type 2 Diabetes and Self-Reported Participation in Diabetes Education in Korea
Jongnam Hwang, Jeffrey A. Johnson
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(2): NP311. CrossRef
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Seon-Yeong Park, Pok-Ja Oh
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(7): 4301. CrossRef
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Seung Hei Moon, Young Whee Lee, Ok-Kyung Ham, Soo-Hyun Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2014; 20(1): 81. CrossRef
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Current Status of the Continuity of Ambulatory Diabetes Care and its Impact on Health Outcomes and Medical Cost in Korea Using National Health Insurance Database.: Jaiyong Kim, Hyeyoung Kim, Hwayoung Kim, Kyung Wan Min, Seok Won Park, Ie Byung Park, Jeong Hyun Park, Sei Hyun Baik, Hyun Shik Son, Chul Woo Ahn, Jee Young Oh, Sunhee Lee, Juneyoung Lee, Choon Hee Chung, Kyung Mook Choi, Injeoung Choi, Dae Jung Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(5):377-387. Published online September 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.5.377

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The continuity of care in chronic diseases, especially in diabetes, was emphasized from many studies. But large scale studies with long-term observation which confirm the impact of continuity of care on health outcomes are rare. This study tried national level 3 year observation to find differences in hospitalization, mortality and medical costs among patient groups with different utilization pattern. METHODS: The 1,088,564 patients with diabetes diagnosis and diabetes drug prescription in 2002, from 20 to 79 years old, and survived until the end of 2004 were included. Annual drug prescription days, number of visited clinics and quarterly continuity of care were measured. Gender, age group, living area, health insurance premium level (as a proxy of the income level), years of first DM diagnosis, five co-morbidities (hypertension, heart disease, stroke, renal disease, admission with DM), hospitalization experience and the type of main attending clinic were adjusted. Hospitalization, mortality and high costs group (top quintile) in 2005 were predicted by multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: Patients who failed in continuity of care in 2003 and 2004 showed higher hospitalization (OR =1.29), higher mortality (OR =1.75) and they are more likely to be high costs group (OR =1.34) in 2005 than who fulfilled the continuity of care. Patients who have single attending clinic also showed lower hospitalization, lower mortality and lower cost. Completeness in diabetic drug prescription were correlated with lower hospitalization, lower mortality but with higher cost. Possible cost saving from continual care with single attending clinic was estimated at Won 417 billion (Dollar 1 = Won 943.7). Possible expenditure from complete drug prescription was Won 228 billion. So, net saving was Won 139 billion in our study population. CONCLUSION: Continual care and single attending clinic saves patient's life and national costs. Fragmented primary care system in Korea should be reformed for more effective care of chronic diseases. National Health Insurance Database in Korea enables nationwide long-term observation study which overcomes the many limitations found in hospital-based studies and cross-sectional surveys.

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Current Status of Diabetic Foot in Korean Patients Using National Health Insurance Database.: Choon Hee Chung, Dae Jung Kim, Jaiyong Kim, Hyeyoung Kim, Hwayoung Kim, Kyung Wan Min, Seok Won Park, Jeong Hyun Park, Sei Hyun Baik, Hyun Shik Son, Chul Woo Ahn, Jee Young Oh, Sunhee Lee, Juneyoung Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Injeoung Choi, Ie Byung Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(5):372-376. Published online September 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.5.372

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BACKGROUND
Foot ulcer diseases are more prevalent in diabetic patients than that those of non-diabetic patients. Several reports showed the risk of amputation and the medical cost were increased when foot ulcer developed. Therefore, strict glycemic control from the initial period of diabetes is necessary. Since there is no enough epidemiologic data, large scaled studies for medical and economic consequences about diabetic foot ulcer are needed. METHODS: This study was based on health insurance claims submitted to the National Health Insurance Review Agency during the period from December 1994 through December 2002. We investigated the incidence and medical cost of foot disorders in Korean population using the disease-classification codes on the health insurance claim forms. RESULTS: The incidences of foot disorders (per 100,000 of population) were 49.7 for amputations, 99.7 for ulcers, and 1,051 for injuries in diabetic patients, and 4.2 for amputations, 10.3 for ulcers, and 943 for injuries in non-diabetic patients. Relative risk of the incidences of foot amputation, ulcer, and injury in diabetic patients comparing with non-diabetic patients were 11.7, 9.7, and 1.1, respectively. Total medical costs (per capita) of foot amputation, ulcer, and injury in diabetic patients were 2.0, 1.7, and 2.1 times higher, respectively, than those of non-diabetic patients. Mean hospital stay of foot amputation, ulcer, and injury in diabetic patients were 1.6, 1.3, and 1.7 times more, respectively, than those of non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: In diabetic patients, the incidences of foot amputation and ulcer are higher than those of non-diabetic patients. To reduce those incidences, we need to early strict glycemic control as well as government based management.

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